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Question 5. By what processes there a continuous exchange of water between the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents? Answer: There is a continuous exchange of water between the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents through the processes of...
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Question 7. When does condensation take place? Answer: The transformation of water vapour into water is called condensation. Condensation is caused by the loss of heat. Question 8. What are the suitable conditions for making of dew? Answer: The...
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What is precipitation? Answer: After the condensation of water vapour, the release of moisture is known as precipitation. This may take place in liquid or solid form. What is convectional rain? Answer: Convectional Rain: The air on being heated, becomes light and rises up in convection currents. As it rises, it expands and loses heat and consequently, condensation takes place and cumulous clouds are formed. With thunder and lightening, heavy rainfall takes place but this does not last for long. What factors influence the process of condensation?
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Answer: Condensation is influenced by the volume of air, temperature, pressure and humidity. Condensation takes place: when the temperature of the air is reduced to dew point with its volume remaining constant; when both the volume and the temperature are reduced; when moisture is added to the air through evaporation. Name and define three important types of rainfall.
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Answer: On the basis of origin, rainfall may be classified into three main types: The convectional rain Orographic or relief rain and Cyclonic or frontal rainfall 1. Convectional rain: The air on being heated, becomes light and rises up in convection currents. Such rain is common in the summer or in the hotter part of the day. It is very common in the equatorial regions and interior parts of the continents, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Orographic rain: When the saturated air mass comes across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it rises, it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture is condensed. In this sort of rain the windward slopes receive greater rainfall. After giving rain on the windward side, when these winds reach the other slope, they descend, and their temperature rises. Then their capacity to take in moisture increases and hence, these leeward slopes remain rainless and dry. The area situated on the leeward side, which gets less rainfall is known as the rain-shadow area.
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It is also known as the relief rain. Cyclonic rainfall: These rains take place in low pressure areas where air moves from low pressure area to high pressure are a and this movement brings rainfall. Explain the process of evaporation. Answer: Evaporation is a process by which water is transformed from liquid to gaseous state. Heat is the main cause for evaporation. The temperature at which the water starts evaporating is referred to as the latent heat of vapourisation. Increase in temperature increases water absorption and retention capacity of the given parcel of air. Similarly, if the moisture content is low, air has a potentiality of absorbing and retaining moisture.
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Movement of air replaces the saturated layer with the unsaturated layer. Hence, the greater the movement of air, the greater is the evaporation. Explain cyclonic rain. Answer: Air expands when heated and gets compressed when cooled. This results in variations in the atmospheric pressure. The result is that it causes the movement of air from high pressure to low pressure, setting the air in motion. Air in horizontal motion is wind. Atmospheric pressure also determines when the air will rise or sink.
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The wind redistributes the heat and moisture across the planet, thereby, maintaining a constant temperature for the planet as a whole. The vertical rising of moist air cools it down to form the clouds and bring precipitation. It is called cyclonic rain.
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PHYC/OCEA 4595: Atmospheric Chemistry
Answers Introduction Ozone is present only in small amounts in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, it is vital to human well-being as well as agricultural and ecosystem sustainability. In the mids scientists discovered that some human-produced chemicals could lead to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Following the discovery of this environmental issue, researchers sought a better understanding of this threat to the ozone layer. Monitoring stations showed that the abundances of ozone-depleting substances ODSs were steadily increasing in the atmosphere. These trends were linked to growing production and use of chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons CFCs for spray can propellants, refrigeration and air conditioning, foam blowing, and industrial cleaning. Measurements in the laboratory and in the atmosphere characterized the chemical reactions that were involved in ozone destruction. Computer models of the atmosphere employing this information were used to simulate how much ozone depletion was already occurring and to predict how much more might occur in the future.
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Observations of the ozone layer showed that depletion was indeed occurring. The most severe and most surprising ozone loss was discovered to be recurring in springtime over Antarctica. A thinning of the ozone layer also has been observed over other regions of the globe, such as the Arctic and northern and southern midlatitudes. The work of many scientists throughout the world has built a broad and solid scientific understanding of the ozone depletion process. With this understanding, we know that ozone depletion is occurring and why. Most importantly, we know that if the most potent ODSs were to continue to be emitted and increase in the atmosphere, the result would be more depletion of the ozone layer. The Vienna Convention provided a framework to protect the ozone layer. The replacement of CFCs has occurred in two phases: first via the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs that cause considerably less damage to the ozone layer compared to CFCs, and second by the introduction of hydrofluorocarbons HFCs that pose no harm to ozone.
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In response, global ozone depletion has stabilized, and initial signs of recovery of the ozone layer have been identified. With continued compliance, substantial recovery of the ozone layer is expected by the middle of the 21st century. The Amendment and Adjustment process is a vitally important aspect of the Montreal Protocol. The Amendment phases down future global production and consumption of certain HFCs. While HFCs pose no threat to the ozone layer because they lack chlorine and bromine, they are greenhouse gases GHGs , which lead to warming of surface climate.
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The amendment process was motivated by projections of substantial increases in the global use of HFCs in the coming decades. The control of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment marks the first time the Montreal Protocol has adopted regulations solely for the protection of climate. The protection of the ozone layer and climate under the Montreal Protocol is a story of notable achievements: discovery, understanding, decisions, actions, and verification.
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It is a success story written by many: scientists, technologists, economists, legal experts, and policymakers, in which continuous dialogue has been a key ingredient. A timeline of milestones related to the science of stratospheric ozone depletion, international scientific assessments, and the Montreal Protocol is illustrated in Figure Q To help communicate the broad understanding of the Montreal Protocol, ODSs, and ozone depletion, as well as the relationship of these topics to GHGs and climate change, this component of the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: describes the state of this science with 20 illustrated questions and answers. Most of the material is an update to that presented in previous Ozone Assessments. A new question has been added describing the expansion of climate protection under the Montreal Protocol Q The questions address the nature of atmospheric ozone, the chemicals that cause ozone depletion, how global and polar ozone depletion occur, the extent of ozone depletion, the success of the Montreal Protocol, the possible future of the ozone layer, and the protection against climate change that is now provided by the Kigali Amendment.
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Chapter 11 - Section 11.3 - The Integral Test And Estimates Of Sums - 11.3 Exercises - Page 725: 5
Computer model projections show that GHGs and changes in climate will have a growing influence on global ozone in the coming decades, and in some cases will exceed the influence of ODSs in most atmospheric regions by the end of this century. Ozone and climate are indirectly linked because both ODSs and their substitutes as well as ozone itself are GHGs that contribute to climate change. A brief answer to each question is first given in dark red; an expanded answer then follows.
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The answers are based on the information presented in the and earlier Assessment reports as well as other international scientific assessments. These reports and the answers provided here were prepared and reviewed by a large number of international scientists who are experts in different research fields related to the science of stratospheric ozone and climate1. Figure Q Stratospheric ozone depletion milestones. This timeline highlights milestones related to the history of ozone depletion. Events represent the occurrence of important scientific findings, the completion of international scientific assessments, and milestones of the Montreal Protocol. The graph shows the history and near future of annual total emissions of ozone-depleting substances ODSs combined with natural emissions of halogen source gases.
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ODSs are halogen source gases controlled under the Montreal Protocol. The emissions, when weighted by their potential to destroy ozone, peaked in the late s after several decades of steady increases as shown in the bottom panel. Between the late s and the present, emissions have decreased substantially as a result of the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent Amendments and Adjustments coming into force see Q The provisions of the Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments decisions have depended on information embodied in international scientific assessments of ozone depletion that have been produced periodically since under the auspices of UNEP and WMO. A worldwide network of ground-based ozone measurement stations was initiated in , as part of the International Geophysical Year.
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Atmosphere (Chapter 11) | Earth Sciences Quiz - Quizizz
The number of atmospheric observations of ozone, CFCs, and other ODSs have increased substantially since the early s. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in was awarded for research that identified the threat to ozone posed by CFCs and that described key reactive processes in the stratosphere. The abundance of stratospheric halogens peaked in the late s and has subsequently exhibited a slow, steady decline see Q Under the Protocol, January marked the end of allowable global production of CFCs and halons with a few very small exemptions and January the time of a production and consumption freeze on HCFCs by all parties. By the mids, ozone recovery in the upper stratosphere due to the controls on CFC and halogen production was documented.
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What is ozone, how is it formed, and where is it in the atmosphere? Ozone is a gas that is naturally present in our atmosphere. Each ozone molecule contains three atoms of oxygen and is denoted chemically as O3. Ozone is found primarily in two regions of the atmosphere. Throughout the atmosphere, ozone is formed in multistep chemical processes that are initiated by sunlight. In the stratosphere, the process begins with an oxygen molecule O2 being broken apart by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. In the troposphere, ozone is formed by a different set of chemical reactions that involve naturally occurring gases as well as those from sources of air pollution. Ozone has the chemical formula O3 because an ozone molecule contains three oxygen atoms see Figure Q Ozone was discovered in laboratory experiments in the mids. Ozone reacts rapidly with many chemical compounds and is explosive in concentrated amounts. Electrical discharges are generally used to produce ozone for industrial processes such as air and water purification and bleaching of textiles and food products.
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Ozone location. The ozone layer extends over the entire globe with some variation in altitude and thickness. Ozone abundance. Ozone molecules have a low relative abundance in the atmosphere. Most air molecules are either oxygen O2 or nitrogen N2. The highest ozone values near the surface occur in air that is polluted by human activities. The resulting layer would have an average thickness of about three millimeters 0. Nonetheless, this extremely small fraction of the atmosphere plays a vital role in protecting life on Earth see Q2. Ozone and Oxygen Figure Q Ozone and oxygen. A molecule of ozone O3 contains three oxygen atoms O bound together. Ozone in the Atmosphere Figure Q Ozone in the atmosphere.
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Ozone is present throughout the troposphere and stratosphere. This profile shows schematically how ozone changes with altitude in the tropics. Increases in ozone near the surface are a result of air pollutants released by human activities. The direct exposure to ozone is harmful to humans and other forms of life. Stratospheric ozone. In the first step, solar ultraviolet radiation breaks apart one oxygen molecule O2 to produce two oxygen atoms 2 O see Figure Q In the second step, each of these highly reactive oxygen atoms combines with an oxygen molecule to produce an ozone molecule O3.
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These reactions occur continually whenever solar ultraviolet radiation is present in the stratosphere. As a result, the largest ozone production occurs in the tropical stratosphere. The production of stratospheric ozone is balanced by its destruction in chemical reactions. Ozone reacts continually with sunlight and a wide variety of natural and human-produced chemicals in the stratosphere. In each reaction, an ozone molecule is lost and other chemical compounds are produced. Important reactive gases that destroy ozone are hydrogen and nitrogen oxides and those containing chlorine and bromine see Q7. Tropospheric ozone. Ozone production reactions primarily involve hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide gases, as well as ozone itself, and all require sunlight for completion. Fossil fuel combustion is a primary source of pollutant gases that lead to tropospheric ozone production.
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As in the stratosphere, ozone in the troposphere is destroyed by naturally occurring chemical reactions and by reactions involving human-produced chemicals. Tropospheric ozone can also be destroyed when ozone reacts with a variety of surfaces, such as those of soils and plants. Balance of chemical processes. Ozone abundances in the stratosphere and troposphere are determined by the balance between chemical processes that produce and destroy ozone.
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The balance is determined by the amounts of reactive gases and how the rate or effectiveness of the various reactions varies with sunlight intensity, location in the atmosphere, temperature, and other factors. As atmospheric conditions change to favor ozone-producing reactions in a certain location, ozone abundances increase. Similarly, if conditions change to favor other reactions that destroy ozone, abundances decrease. The balance of production and loss reactions, combined with atmospheric air motions that transport and mix air with different ozone abundances, determines the global distribution of ozone on timescales of days to many months see also Q3.
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Global stratospheric ozone has decreased during the past several decades see Q12 because the amounts of reactive gases containing chlorine and bromine have increased in the stratosphere due to human activities see Q6 and Q
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Check Your Understanding Reading Plants absorb nitrates from the soil and use them to make proteins. Animals including humans eat plants or meat from plant-eating animals to obtain these proteins. Oxygen, a product of photosynthesis, is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Life on Earth has changed its atmosphere. In particular, photosynthesis has changed the composition of the atmosphere by increasing the amount of oxygen.
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Atmospheric pressure changes with altitude. It is a measurement of the force of air molecules per unit of area in the atmosphere. Air molecules in the atmosphere press down because of their weight. A barometer measures atmospheric pressure. A mercury barometer consists of a tube that is sealed at one end and partially filled with mercury. The open end of the tube stands in a dish of mercury. As air presses down on the mercury in the dish, it forces the liquid in the tube to rise. When the air pressure is high, the mercury travels farther up the tube. The answer is c. Answers: a 75 mb; b 5. Sample sketch on right: The rising warm air in a convection current can lift birds upward and help them fly.
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Chapter 11 Atmosphere Test Answers
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