[GET] Jackie Robinson Justice At Last Test Answers
Jackie turned to his friend, and fellow resident at Fort Riley in Kansas, heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis. In , he was riding in a U. Army bus with the wife of a fellow black officer. The driver, believing the light-skinned woman to be white,...
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Robinson would also help the Dodgers to another World Series, and another loss to the Yankees. In , with two more World Series losses to the Yankees sprinkled in along the way, Robinson finally helped the Dodgers beat the Yankees in the Fall...
Jackie Robinson
Destined to break the baseball color barrier on April 15, , he would go on to win many baseball accolades before becoming a businessperson and civil rights champion. Several scholarly articles would detail and analyze the incident that led to the charges and the court-martial itself. The court-martial convened under the Articles of War replete with detailed rules and procedures that inform the larger story of what 2nd Lt. Robinson experienced on the fateful night of 6 July The advent of the internet has made possible a new evaluation of his court-martial. The Record of Trial, now in digital format and accessible to anyone, contains the full transcript of the proceeding and provides a nearly complete picture of all that occurred in those four hours at Camp Hood.
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Jackie Robinson: Justice At Last
In this context, the complete story of United States v. Robinson can be told. Robinson As a former four-letter collegiate athlete drafted into the Army in April , Jackie Robinson was the ideal model of a citizen turned Soldier. An enlisted cavalryman and later cavalry officer at Fort Riley, Kansas, Robinson experienced early in his career the racism of a segregated Army. Robinson would serve in the st for just three months before an ankle condition would threaten to sideline his promising military career. A football injury left Robinson with a floating bone chip in his right heel that plagued him throughout his military career. To determine his fitness for continued service, Robinson was required to undergo an Army Retiring Board physical assessment. He remained there for several hours socializing, but did not drink, as Robinson was a teetotaler. Several hours later, he boarded a bus near the club to return to the hospital. The bus Robinson boarded operated within Camp Hood as a shuttle moving Soldiers to and from locations on the sprawling installation.
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Here, Robinson planned on boarding this bus to take him the rest of the way to McCloskey Hospital. Jones was sitting in the middle of the bus, and Robinson, as an acquaintance, sat down next to her. After proceeding five or six blocks, the bus driver, a white man named Milton Renegar, instructed Robinson to move to the rear of the bus. Robinson refused, setting off a chain of events that would inform the rest of his life and career. Race-based seating on public transport was a staple of Jim Crow-era segregation laws throughout the south. However, Camp Hood and other installations located throughout the United States were on federal property that notionally did not enforce these biased state and local laws. Despite this, perhaps in an attempt to maintain the social order familiar to so many millions of white Americans, the Army maintained some segregated facilities, such as the colored officers club, even in states that did not have Jim Crow laws.
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Jackie Robinson Test
But by June , the War Department began to change some of its policies forbidding the enforcement of state Jim Crow era policies on buses on military installations. Given his connection to the African-American press, as well as other influential African-Americans, Robinson knew that segregation on public transport on federal installations was changing. In refusing the order to move to the back of the bus, he felt he was within his rights. Tempers were heated and voices were raised as a crowd formed around Robinson. Several of the other passengers, mostly white women who worked on Camp Hood, made racist remarks to Robinson, goading him, causing him to raise his voice. At the bus transfer station, Robinson disembarked with Ms. Jones to catch his connecting bus, but was now swirled into a larger incident when Irving Younger, the station dispatcher, appeared to confront the young Lieutenant.
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Finally, the Military Police arrived on scene to quell the incident. One MP, Cpl. George Elwood, hoping to contain the situation, asked Robinson to sit in their patrol vehicle. While Robinson was in the MP vehicle, a Soldier, changing buses on the way back to his barracks and had seen the commotion, Pfc. Robinson heard this incendiary slur and threatened to break Pfc. Elwood convinced Robinson to return with them to the MP guardroom to discuss the incident with the camp officer of day.
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To act as an eyewitness, Pfc. Mucklerath was asked to return to the guardroom as well. If Robinson hoped to find a sympathetic ear at the MP station, he would soon be sorely disappointed. Upon arrival at the MP guardroom, Robinson met with Capt. The escorting MPs briefed Wigginton that an incident occurred at the bus station and he asked Robinson to explain what had happened. Unhelpfully, Wigginton also asked Pfc. Mucklerath for his observations, which he relayed in front of Robinson.
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This naturally led to a disagreement about the events at the bus station with Wigginton telling Robinson to stop interrupting the private. Perhaps feeling out of his element, Wigginton called for Capt. He ordered Robinson out of the building until Capt. Bear arrived. Bear outside the building, apparently eager to tell his story, and followed him into the MP building. Inside, Wigginton debriefed Bear while Robinson waited in an adjoining waiting room. The Dutch door to this room was left half open. Robinson became frustrated because he could hear the story being told without his input.
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Robinson, normally a quick speaker, was asked to slow down his speech for his statement. The incident at the guardhouse ended in a controversial manner that would end up being a major theme at the court-martial. Robinson was mystified as to why he was being treated in this manner. The Investigation and Statements Almost immediately, Bear would drive an investigation into the matter of the previous evening. All portrayed Robinson in a negative light. These enlisted MPs, some of whom met Robinson at the bus station and transported him to the MP station, and several officers, all of whom were witnesses at the MP station, provided sworn statements.
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One other overarching theme was evident in the investigation. Bear was interested in whether or not Pfc. George Elwood and Private Lester Phillips, were asked whether they heard anyone call Robinson this epithet. Mucklerath would emphatically deny referring to Robinson in this way. Elwood noted in his sworn statement that night. This denial and confrontation would pay off spectacularly later at the court-martial. The lone individual whose sworn statement was helpful to Robinson was that of Victoria Jones, the African-American woman he shared a bus seat with on that fateful night. She provided her sworn statement almost two weeks after the others and only after Robinson sought her out and encouraged her to make one. Previous attempts by Bear during his initial investigation were unsuccessful in attempting to persuade Ms. Jones to provide this statement. In a separate statement made by Capt.
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Bear, he revealed that he went to Ms. During this meeting, Jones stated that she had spoken to Robinson and he asked her not make a statement without talking to Robinson first. If Capt. Jones gave her first and only statement on the matter in her home to Bear on July Her version of events was likely colored by her acquaintanceship with Robinson, not least because Robinson, by his own admission and those of numerous other witnesses, threatened to break Pfc. On July 16, Robinson, by now concerned that he would face court-martial, penned a letter to Truman K. Gibson, an African-American attorney, then serving as a special assistant on racial affairs to the Secretary of War, Henry Stimson. Robinson had met Gibson when he was stationed at Fort Riley, the year prior, when Gibson was sent as a special envoy to discuss racially charged incidents at the post. In this letter, Robinson asked Gibson for advice. He wanted to know whether he should appeal to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the African-American press of the time.
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A Letter From Jackie Robinson: Civil Rights Advocate
Robinson recognized his heightened standing as a former National Collegiate Athletic Association athlete and semi-professional football player. Robinson, worried about both the fairness of the trial and about negative publicity for himself and the Army, asked Gibson what steps he should take. He will write you. Follow the case carefully. Charge I contained two allegations of disrespect to a superior commissioned officer, the Article of War In the first specification, he was alleged to have been disrespectful to Capt. The final charge, three specifications of a violation of Article of War 95, involved the language Robinson used on the bus and at the Central Bus Station.
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Likely, this was intended as a form of pretrial restraint. The decision to arrest Robinson was standard practice. Article of War 19, arrest and confinement, mandated placing the accused in confinement or arrest, but states that confinement is not appropriate for minor charges like the one that Robinson was facing. Rarely do WWII court-martial records contain an extraordinary ancillary document that illuminates the thought process of the command. Luckily, the United States v. Robinson record does contain such a document. Filed on July 17, , the same day that Robinson was charged, the document is a transcription of a telephone conversation between Col. Edward A. Kimball, Commander, 5th Armored Group and Col.
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Justice At Last
As you talk about this question with your child, use the background information on pages to help you. Did you learn anything new about this baseball hero? Talk about why the author would choose to make those words different from the rest. What effect is the author looking for? Talk about how the author creates this feeling during the scene. What words and phrases does the author use to build tension when she talks about her dad and the lake? How does this tension build from the beginning of the story until the moment when he tells the kids it is safe to skate on the ice?
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Timeline | Jackie Robinson Foundation
Be sure to use the last page of the story to help you and your child talk about this. Compare the important points and details included in the books. What events in his life demonstrate his commitment to fighting for equality and justice? For example, you might include one section all about his childhood, another about the years he played in the Negro Leagues, etc.
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It would take much more than a handful of black sports heroes to transform race relations in postwar America Sugrue, , Black Perceptions, White Motives 5Wendell Smith, sports columnist for the Pittsburgh Courier, a widely circulated African-American newspaper, was perhaps the most prominent black sports writer in the s. However, one theme that Smith emphasized in his own writing was surely not what Rickey had in mind when he forged that protective and mutually advantageous relationship between rookie ball player and veteran reporter.
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It was one, however, that likely resonated with readers of theCourier who were not inclined to assume white benevolence when it came to dealing with blacks. Smith continued: Rickey is a shrewd businessman. He knew when he signed Jackie that he had cornered the greatest drawing card since Babe Ruth. Robinson will probably prove to be the best drawing card in baseball during the season. In the meantime Rickey is sitting in the office counting out the money PC 19 April Drawing Power. If the Dodgers play good enough ball to stay in the race, Mr. The Jewish Muchnick, Smith claimed, was seeking electoral advantage by seizing on the baseball integration issue in order to win favor in his largely black council district Norwood and Brackman, , More generally, that blacks might question, or be wary of, white motives in civil rights initiatives would become manifest with the rise of the black power movement in the s, but it was a note that Smith was already sounding to those who troubled to listen even at a moment of triumph for the multi-racial partnership that Rickey and Robinson so publicly and so productively represented.
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Resentment and opposition from fellow ballplayers might, of course, have well been expected, and not for narrowly racist reasons alone. In , the sixteen clubs in the Major Leagues stood at the thin apex of a massive pyramid of talent in organized baseball, all of it white. For every one of the white men on major league rosters, there were 25 potential replacements on the almost minor league teams then competing in five dozen leagues—a total of about 10, minor leaguers, white to the last man U. Senate, , This was a ready-made formula for hostility. Major leaguers were concerned about the competition they would face if their all white ranks were opened to blacks Lowenfish, , Within two weeks, however, Veeck was beating a hasty retreat, telling reporters that fewer than six players worthy of consideration remain in the Negro leagues [ But now, there is no chance of a large-scale influx [ Board of Education, gradualism prevailed when it came to the entry of black ball players into major league baseball Lowenfish, , Five years later, only six of the sixteen major league clubs had blacks on their rosters.
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It would not be until in the National League and in the American League that the last holdouts to integrating their rosters the St. Louis Cardinals and the Boston Red Sox, respectively would give way. Nor did the breaking of the color line transform traditional perspective on issues of race. Eddie Stanky, a supportive teammate to Robinson in his difficult rookie season, would orchestrate a barrage of racially tinged bench jockeying as the manager of the Cardinals five years later Prince, , ; Tygiel, , Even more notably, and contrary to the public depiction of the team as a color blind band of brothers, the integration of the Dodgers triggered racial tension in the clubhouse that came to a head when Robinson replaced veteran Billy Cox at third base to make room for rookie Gilliam at second in Prince, , ; Tygiel, , ; Rampersad, , As one of his interviewees then recalled, when Jackie Robinson came up there were a lot of adults who dropped their allegiance to the Dodgers.
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Jackie Robinson: Justice At Last
There was a lot of bigotry, among the working class more than anything: the Irish, the Italians, the Swedes. Taeuber and Alma F. Taeuber, Negroes in Cities: Residential Se During the s, the black population of Brooklyn had increased from , to , Rosenwaike, , The increase did not mark a breakdown in existing patterns of residential racial segregation. Almost two thirds of the black population was concentrated in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood in north central Brooklyn whose proximity to Ebbets Field spurred black attendance at the nearby ballpark, but would become of increasing concern to Dodger management as it considered the future of the team in Brooklyn over the ensuing decade whose black population more than doubled in the s from 65, to , Freeman, , Jackie Robinson himself had trouble finding suitable housing when he first joined the Dodgers, and when he did move, along with his wife and young son, into a largely white neighborhood, the new local hero faced opposition from a number of their new neighbors Rampersad, , That out-migration would become a flood in the s as almost half a million whites headed to the suburbs in that decade while the black population increased to , Rosenwaike, , , It was then Rickey mentioned signing a Negro.
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A similar perspective has also been advanced by prominent legal scholar Michael Klarman. In a revisionist assessment that downplays the role of the courts in the dismantling of segregation, Klarman has written that black economic clout also played an important role in the desegregation of the national pastime. If evenly divided among those other games, that would make for about 4, per game. That percentage apparently increased as the years passed and Rodney recalled that by about one third of the crowd at a sold out game he attended that summer was black Rodney, , Some integration supporters may have applauded the boos directed at Walker as a well-deserved slap at racism Chicago Defender26 April but for many other Dodger fans they signaled that an unsettling change was at hand, and that Dodgerdom would be subject to the same stresses and internal divisions that were roiling the larger society.
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House, , Demography and geography were not destiny, as the experiences of teams in other cities demonstrated. Comparably aging, transit and parking challenged, and geographically undesirable stadium sites in Cincinnati, Chicago, St. At a minimum, the rest of the league registered an advance over pre-World War II attendance levels that the Dodgers could not: in , the world champion Dodgers shared the distinction with the hopelessly inept last place Pittsburgh Pirates of being the only teams in the National League drawing fewer fans to their home games than in The second division Detroit Tigers in the American League matched the attendance marks being hit by the consistently outstanding Dodgers. This was a downward trend in which Brooklyn proved to be the pacesetter. Comparing attendance in each National League city in the last year before each team integrated and the first season following integration reveals that integration failed to increase attendance for seven out of the eight clubs in the league.
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Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated. More than 70 years later, the racial reckoning continued. The Oakland Athletics and Houston Astros took the field Friday night and then left after a moment of silence, draping a Black Lives Matter T-shirt across home plate as they chose not to play. They will play a doubleheader Saturday. Teams across the league were celebrating the day in various ways. Jackie Robinson Day is usually on April 15, but the celebration was moved to Aug. The date was chosen because it is the anniversary of the March on Washington in and also the day in when Dodgers GM Branch Rickey met with Robinson to discuss breaking the color barrier.
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In Boston, players from both teams lined up along the baselines before the game and the Red Sox played a clip of Robinson speaking in St. Augustine, Florida, in Also Friday, it was announced that actor Chadwick Boseman had died at 43 from colon cancer. I wore the jersey that Jackie Robinson wore back in the day. To be around guys like Don Newcombe and Maury Wills, some of the legends that were with the Dodgers, you get to hear stories about things that people have never heard. Yankees manager Aaron Boone broke down in tears during a media briefing and left the room when he was asked about his two Black adopted sons Friday. He returned a few minutes later, still shaken. New York was off Thursday and has not opted out of any games.
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Boone and San Francisco Giants manager Gabe Kapler also said they will donate their Friday salary to The Players Alliance, a group of more than current and former Black major leaguers working to combat racial injustice. The decision by several teams not to play Wednesday and Thursday night were in response to the shooting by police of year-old Jacob Blake, a Black man, in Wisconsin over the weekend. MLB let teams decide whether they would play or not.
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Jackie Robinson Justice At Last Essay - Jackie Robinson
Some games were postponed while others went on. NBA games scheduled for Thursday and Friday also were postponed. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Share this story.
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Jackie Robinson Justice At Last Test Answers
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